Ruby on Rails

Say you have an app not dissimilar to StackOverflow where users vote on posts. Say an Up Vote causes the voter to receive one reputation point. You might see something like this in the vote_up model:

class UpVote < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :user
  after_create :increase_user_reputation

  private

  def increase_user_reputation
    user = self.user
    user.reputation == user.reputation + 1
  end
end

There is one issue with this code: The value 1 is hard coded. Where does such a value belong? Another issue is that some UpVote should have no knowledge of user.reputation. We solve this by changing the callback:

  def increase_user_reputation
    self.user.modify_reputation(1)
  end

Then we add an instance method to User:

  def modify_reputation(reputation)
    self.reputation = self.reputation + reputation
    self.save!
  end

Questions...

1. Who's responsible for calling save! ? The increase_user_reputation inside the UpVote model or the modify_reputation method inside the user model?
2. The +1 one to reputation doesn't seem like a good idea to hard code. Where does Rails keep such configuration settings?
3. Does the code look reasonable? Are there any shortcuts?

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